Abstract
Near-forward-scattered radiation coming from the vicinity of the sun’s direction impacts the interpretation of measurements of direct solar radiation by pyrheliometers and sun photometers, and it is also relevant for concentrating solar technology applications. Here, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model is employed to study the apparent direct solar transmittance t(α), that is, the transmittance measured by an instrument that receives the radiation within a half-field-of-view (half-FOV) angle α from the center of the solar disk, for various ice cloud, water cloud, and aerosol cases. The contribution of scattered radiation to t(α) increases with increasing particle size, and it also depends strongly on ice crystal morphology. The Monte Carlo calculations are compared with a simple approach, in which t(α) is estimated through Beer’s law, using a scaled optical depth that excludes the part of the phase function corresponding to scattering angles smaller than α. Overall, this optical depth scaling approach works very well, although with some degradation of the performance for ice clouds for very small half-FOV angles (α < 0.5°–1°), and in optically thick cases. The errors can be reduced by fine-tuning the optical depth scaling factors based on the Monte Carlo results. Parameterizations are provided for computing the optical depth scaling factors for water clouds, ice clouds, aerosols, and for completeness, Rayleigh scattering to allow for a simple calculation of t(α). It is also shown that the optical depth scaling used in delta-two-stream approximations is inappropriate for simulating the direct solar radiation received by pyrheliometers.
A Method to Determine Atmospheric Aerosol Optical Depth Using Total Direct Solar Radiation
